An Astronaut’s Advice on Excessive-Stakes Collaboration
It’s exhausting to deem a more spirited work atmosphere than the International Apartment Save. At some point soon of her 24 years as a NASA astronaut, including a six-month stint on the ISS, Cady Coleman realized pivotal classes about the entire lot from managing stress and assessing likelihood to unsafe-cultural verbal substitute and navigating bias. She shares how the talents she picked up can even be utilized in each invent of careers. Coleman is the author of the book Sharing Apartment: An Astronaut’s Handbook to Mission Wonder and Making Alternate.
ALISON BEARD: Welcome to the HBR IdeaCast from Harvard Industrial Overview. I’m Alison Beard.
We all essentially feel tension at work. We’re all attempting to contain in spirited prerequisites. We all deserve to compile along with our co-workers and opt out the ideal manner to work collectively as a crew. Nonetheless imagine doing all of that in a home space orbiting 254 miles above Earth.
At some point soon of her 24 years as a NASA astronaut, Cady Coleman realized a great deal of about how to manufacture and collaborate in high-stakes eventualities. She logged two home shuttle missions to conduct scientific experiments and launched the Chandra X-ray Observatory Telescope. And her closing mission alive to working within a multicultural crew of six aboard the International Apartment Save for better than five months.
She’s right here this day to seek the recommendation of with us about how you put collectively for that invent of job and attain it well if you’re up there. And remark us how we can translate those classes into more traditional work assist right here on earth. Her fresh book is legendary as Sharing Apartment, an Astronaut’s Handbook to Mission, Wonder and Making Alternate. Cady, so colossal to have you ever right here.
CADY COLEMAN: I’m so chuffed to be right here.
ALISON BEARD: K, so let’s first discuss your resolution to develop into an astronaut. You studied chemistry at MIT after which polymer science and engineering at UMass. Why did you consume to deserve to compile out of a commonplace lab and lag to home? Absorb been you drawn to those increased stakes that I became merely talking about?
CADY COLEMAN: I don’t know if it’s necessarily increased stakes, nevertheless this curiosity in a route of merely what else is obtainable and can I be in point of fact one of many those that helped us compare it? And furthermore, I had a mother that taught me I’m in a position to be actually one thing that I needed to be. And I don’t know how you attain that, I work at it. Nonetheless it completely essentially made me mediate after I met Sally Accelerate at MIT and it had never befell to me, I became a junior so I became potentially 20.
When I saw her and heard her, I loved the truth that I might perchance well name with her. And on the identical time, I loved being in the lab nevertheless I needed one thing a itsy-bitsy bit more. And I knew it had to attain with of us and sharing and furthermore being share of a bigger mission. Regardless that chemistry is a loads gigantic mission, I promise you,
ALISON BEARD: Nonetheless to be an astronaut, it furthermore takes being aloof and mild in high tension eventualities. So have you ever largely been in a situation to attain that or is it one thing that you simply had to study?
CADY COLEMAN: I would dispute a itsy-bitsy of every, in that I’ve constantly been any individual who’s appropriate at seeing the big list, and that takes taking a step assist and a deep breath to attain on the entire. And on this planet of chemistry and working in a lab the set you genuinely deserve to be constantly in a position to lag, by manner of chemicals and flammability and all those forms of issues, I did compile some practice at notion you largely deserve to be pondering, what’s next? When I attain this what might perchance well happen, in preference to what I request to happen. So I did have a itsy-bitsy of that, nevertheless I positively had more to study after I purchased to NASA. And I would dispute that attempting to develop into an astronaut had practically more to attain with my optimism about the truth that discovery is one thing that we can all attain.
ALISON BEARD: So you talk loads about your entire simulations that you simply attain at NASA to put collectively for missions, nevertheless I mediate as any athlete is conscious of that there’s no quantity of practice that might perchance replicate the stress of an staunch sport. How did you make certain that that the practising and preparation that you simply’re doing is efficient sufficient to essentially compile you ready?
CADY COLEMAN: Partly by growing a mindset the set you’re constantly pondering what isn’t simulated right here? What attain I mild deserve to abet in concepts might perchance well happen on the big day? And that’s the entire lot from I might perchance well furthermore very well be nervous, issues might perchance well lag melancholy, issues might perchance well lag differently, and making sure I’m in a position to react.
And about a of those issues we can recreate, adore for instance, in doing an emergency simulation and we count those as if there’s a fireplace on the home space, if we tag there’s a leak, if one thing occurs and all without lengthen the atmosphere that we’re breathing is suspect. And so we practice those drills and to the purpose the set we essentially build hoods on our heads that are going to assist us breathe in a poisonous atmosphere. We’re going to search out out that they compile all fogged up and that we want that we had our glasses on inner and even we deserve to position lenses inner those issues.
So we managed to study a great deal of very wise classes. Nonetheless we furthermore, I mediate the truth that we’re watched and we’re graded, I mediate that that provides the tension that we deserve to choose on out no lower than about a of the errors shall we manufacture on the true day. And we furthermore have an environment of talking about them. how one thing might perchance well lag badly in a meeting or at work, and everyone invent of looks to be like at their shoes and any individual says, “Correctly, so k, we can diagram assist to that. Nonetheless onto subject two.”
And it’s exhausting to discuss nevertheless we have a culture at NASA that is each single mistake you manufacture, even if of us don’t know, you want to section it. To illustrate, the T-38 is our practising airplane, for a chemist in the Air Power it became a fantastic element to attain to fly faster than the lag of sound when compulsory. And on the identical time, it essentially is one thing the set issues can lag melancholy and likewise you want to choose on out how you’re going to react to them.
Nonetheless if I genuinely have a superbly commonplace flight and I lag to unbuckle my parachute harness from the seat, and I compile that in point of fact one of many buckles wasn’t latched, I became flying in an airplane the set you genuinely might perchance well deserve to eject at any moment and my parachute became ideal partly hooked to the seat. And that might perchance well furthermore very well be a mistake that I made. I attain two issues, I mediate assist to what triggered me to manufacture that mistake.
I furthermore anecdote it. And likelihood is, I furthermore stand up at our Monday morning meeting and dispute, “I flew in our airplane and I forgot to connect in point of fact one of my clips.” And it’s embarrassing. And on the identical time, I guarantee you I’m now not the true one which has ever carried out that or realizes that they might perchance furthermore very well be at likelihood of it. So it’s that atmosphere of admitting your errors so that we can all study. And it’s exhausting.
ALISON BEARD: Also, because there must be opponents amongst the astronauts to prove that they ought to be the one on the subsequent ship. So you don’t desire to be the one making errors, how attain you model out that?
CADY COLEMAN: All people’s purchased their have manner, my manner might perchance well furthermore very well be to be a itsy-bitsy bit oblivious to the opponents and essentially merely being myself. And we have several varied kind of categories of astronauts, and so we’re by definition invent of assorted. I got right here as a scientist from the militia, essentially I mediate in point of fact one of many predominant scientists from the militia. And so that’s varied than a pilot from the militia or any individual who became a navigator or every other invent of flight crew.
So we’re all in varied categories. I mediate that makes it easy to now not be evaluating ourselves and realizing that we each converse varied abilities. And in a manner, it became essentially, I mediate, fortunate for me because after I am nervous about being seen, it’s more tough for me to attain my easiest in most cases. And I’ll furthermore merely add that once we’re selected, they’ve each scheme of getting you fly in home. And the big opponents is de facto over because you are there. They’ve spent money on you sooner than you even stroll in the door.
They must make consume of your abilities. So there is that spirit of community. All people from the spouses to the opposite astronauts are purposeful, section classes, section techniques of coping with merely the enormity of the amount that we deserve to study in the time that we utilize practising.
ALISON BEARD: Yeah. And with so mighty of the work of NASA being carried out on the ground, I mediate on your book you mentioned it became one thing such as you had spent better than 8,000 days at NASA and 180 days in home. So whereas you’re waiting to be tapped for a mission, how attain you stay motivated and willing?
CADY COLEMAN: It’s essentially the phrase that you simply outdated, Alison, and it’s the phrase mission, the set there’s individual shuttle missions, there’s going to the home space, those missions, and there’s future missions. Nonetheless they’re all share of 1 essentially gigantic and intensely clear mission, which is set home exploration. And so all of us have varied jobs in between flights, and it’s very clear, I mediate to all of us that what you attain in that job whether… I’ve had jobs the set it became my job to evaluation procedures that were fresh and manufacture sure that that they in point of fact did what they’re purported to attain. And about a of that it’s consideration to ingredient and it’s now not precisely though-provoking. And but it’s crucial for the explanation that crew that’s essentially going to home doesn’t have time, they might be able to’t be iterating all those procedures. They must see one thing that’s a baseline, that’s appropriate. And so there’s all sorts of jobs that we have in between that all essentially subject. And I mediate it’s that mission that is so mighty increased than us that makes the dissimilarity and retains us working exhausting and being ready, because we tag that all of it plays in collectively.
ALISON BEARD: A term you exercise in the book is operational mindset. So show what that manner and the blueprint those of us who aren’t astronauts might perchance well practice it to our work.
CADY COLEMAN: Operational mindset is the manner to believe out a mission. And it’s now not the vision of the mission, it’s the what are we doing this day and the blueprint are we going to believe it out? And it’s the entire lot that you simply look in the motion pictures when there’s SWAT groups or SEALs or all these ogle missions. And I mediate they gloss over the dignity to ingredient that it takes to essentially manufacture sure that that they’ve a opinion that they’ve essentially conception out. An example that I’ll consume is that I became outdated to as a chemist and I became any individual who became fresh at flying after I first realized to fly airplanes, and I would lag accessible to the airfield, this is itsy-bitsy planes, this is sooner than NASA.
And if I realized that I had four more issues sooner than I might perchance well lag out and fly, I merely purchased those issues carried out. If the day became longer, I merely made the day longer. Nonetheless I came upon that if my closing element in the day became to head out and fly an airplane on my have, there’s instances that I took that pointers, walked across the plane, made sure the entire lot became ready, purchased inner, and this is the plane that I rented. And realized my head’s been so many varied places this day, I’m now not bodily trace sufficient to essentially be in a situation to fly this airplane with the safety of myself and of us on the ground. And you decide that book of the airplane, you converse it assist inner and dispute, I’m taking myself off the manifest.
So it’s a particular manner of pondering. And the opposite example I’ll give and it’s explicit to me in all likelihood, is that I’m any person that sees a great deal of possibilities. And if it were me, we would alternate the opinion till the very closing minute. Care for, oh, what if shall we attain that share in that share too? Or if we began merely three minutes earlier, shall we attain this. And will must you alternate the opinion on the closing minute, you manufacture it susceptible. And there’s a undeniable quantity of that that is suitable to attain will must you all without lengthen tag the opinion will seemingly be better and desires to be better. Nonetheless a great deal of it, adore starting three minutes earlier, perchance all without lengthen we’re now not in the accurate differ of our satellite instances. And I had to study to hold my suggestions because having a opinion, having it trouble and everyone having the skill to implement it collectively is the manner to have a winning opinion. And closing minute adjustments will now not be on the entire the accurate manner to head, nevertheless in most cases purposeful.
ALISON BEARD: That’s positively a lesson I’ve to study. I’m constantly any individual who’s adore, shall we push it to the tip and manufacture it finest.
CADY COLEMAN: Exactly. Me too.
ALISON BEARD: So then in the slay the mission groups are build collectively by NASA. And in the case of the International Apartment Save, other countries home companies, you don’t essentially have a dispute in who you’re going to be working with. So what’s the predominant step that you simply decide to open realizing how you’re going to collaborate?
CADY COLEMAN: The predominant step is attending to know each other. It’s essentially will must you lag and have espresso or consume dinner or opt a stroll and tag, oh, that’s the fellow that I merely met this week and he’s in the park with his children. It is, I mediate tugging on those different techniques to be connected that in the slay connects the crew.
Appreciating the set each other comes from, I mediate goes a prolonged manner. And I mediate verbal substitute has loads to attain with it. English is the language of the home space, nevertheless all of us are required to talk English to a train department, intermediate, high level. And we’re all required to talk Russian to the identical level.
My first survival practising, I became with two young engineers and we’re going to utilize three days in the woods surviving in the iciness, about a hours out of doors of Moscow nevertheless mild dazzling chilly-
ALISON BEARD: I’m in a position to imagine.
CADY COLEMAN: …and snowy. And I invited them over for lunch with in point of fact one of our translators. And in point of fact one of my accepted reminiscences is being accessible and having in point of fact one of them dispute, “Katya again, your conception again.” My other example is on the crew that I became on, we had an Italian, a Russian and myself that were going to fly in the Russian Soyuz capsule. And we were very varied of us, all of us. And fortunately essentially all of us spoke very appropriate English and intensely appropriate Russian by that time.
Nonetheless we did have a stunning gigantic, I’d dispute, cultural divide in that unlike my survival experience the set my two crew mates in survival were essentially alive to to listen to my concepts and realize what I needed to dispute, my fresh crewmate that I became positively going to home with, he’d grown up in an isolated share of Russia. He became a single seat airplane pilot and he hadn’t had to work with a great deal of of us. He merely never essentially labored with girls folk. And so that became essentially fresh for him and presumably exhausting for each of us.
ALISON BEARD: And so how’d you model out it?
CADY COLEMAN: I asked a great deal of recommendation. We spent on the entire no lower than a 365 days or two and in our case three, learning to compile along collectively. And so I asked recommendation of alternative cosmonauts. He’s now not any person that speaks loads to everyone else in the crew. And I had to choose on out how to be heard mighty more so than my Italian crewmate who became his co-pilot.
You wish to mediate about who the of us are on your crew. I in point of fact converse my baggage to a mission, and it’s exhausting to undo a lifetime of listening or now not listening. Now, if you were the vp of some firm and other of us will now not be essentially hearing you and answering your questions, I don’t mediate I would model out the problem the identical manner. Nonetheless for the applications of our mission of communicating in a manner that labored for all of us the set it became crucial to me to essentially feel heard, I mediate Paolo loved conducting the kind of knitting issues collectively. And for Dmitri, it became crucial that he hear our suggestions. Nonetheless he’s furthermore a brand fresh commander learning how to kind of charge forward and on the identical time converse your crew with you. When we stand up there, we’re essentially with three more of us and so now we’re a crew of six.
ALISON BEARD: That’s the craziest element because you are a crew of three, there are three of us there and likewise you want to construct a manner of working with that community of six. After which the three other of us lag away and likewise you compile a brand fresh community of three of us, so that you simply want to shake the entire lot up again.
CADY COLEMAN: Exactly.
ALISON BEARD: That must’ve been essentially spirited.
CADY COLEMAN: I mediate all of us attain it in our have manner. And when we got right here up there, Scott Kelly and two Russians, one which I knew barely well and one now not as mighty. Scott is a particular person of… Here’s Scott Kelly, he’s a particular person of few words. I am a particular person of many words.
I came upon out later of us would quiz Scott, is that going to be k being up there with Cady? She talks loads. And I’m adore, well, nobody ever asked me did I desire to be up there with Mr. few words. I expected to be pleasing colleagues. I didn’t request to essentially have a essentially particular relationship and like working collectively. And essentially for a great deal of quite so a lot of causes, for being a particular person of about a words, Scott had a staunch gift for non-judgmental suggestions. An example I’ll give that’s in point of fact one of my favorites is he merely mentioned, “Coleman, I’ve been staring at.” Here’s up on the home space and he says, “You’re late on the starting. You’re rapidly in the center and likewise you’re late again on the tip and I mediate it has to attain with unpacking and packing when the entire lot is weightless, the set if you don’t tuck it merely appropriate in the accurate trouble, one thing might perchance well waft away.
Nonetheless what if you merely mentioned, k, this day the entire lot’s occurring the left, and if I genuinely deserve to, I’m merely going to duct tape it in trouble even if it’s merely so geographically I genuinely have one trouble to see.” He mentioned, “Nonetheless whatever works for you, I beg you to see for one thing that helps you attain that better.” And if he had mentioned to me, “Coleman, why are you so late?” And candidly, all of us are late when we first stand up there. Nonetheless if he’d mentioned that to me, I knew I became slower than I needed to be, I’m in a position to look the timeline. And it will’ve merely made me essentially feel worse with out essentially a manner to merely lag, k, let me strive that. So we’ve all purchased our varied techniques to kind of tease those issues out.
ALISON BEARD: Females have historically been underrepresented in the astronaut ranks, though I know it’s getting a itsy-bitsy bit better. What have you ever realized about how to contend with of us whose perchance expectations for you are decrease than you’d adore? Or about whether to push for a alternate versus adapt to the distance quo, adapt to spacesuits being too gigantic for you is every other myth you urged in the book?
CADY COLEMAN: That’s appropriate. And this became a resolution that became made in overall starting in the ’90s and implemented with a home space the set we’d had a differ of spacesuits, tiny, medium, large, extra large. And for money and logistics, they mentioned, we’re now not going to have those tiny or those extra large spacesuits on the home space. And it eliminated better than a third of the girls folk. And if we deserve to be in a bigger spacesuit and we essentially practice in a swimming pool with that enormous spacesuit, it’s such as you and a large exercise ball fleshy of air dragging you as a lot as the skin at varied angles will must you’re attempting to lean over and work. It’s essentially a huge physical trouble to have. And the phrase that I abet in concepts from that became, we’ve looked forward on the manifest and we have the total home walkers that we need.
And to me that means that there’s essentially an absence of notion of what having a diverse crew in each enviornment manner. And that manner having girls folk integrated in the spacewalking. And as a one that became positively in that community that became now not purported to be gigantic sufficient, I needed to attain that. And furthermore, I recruited and had a great deal of colossal assist attempting to attain that spacesuit.
After my initial spacesuit practising, in point of fact one of many guys got right here as a lot as me and he mentioned, “Cady, I’ve seen you have gotten an staunch head for spacewalking and likewise you’re doing colossal. And you want to know that the tiny spacesuit that you simply’re doing so well in goes to head away and a medium goes to be loads more tough for you. So you merely deserve to be conscious that once any individual looks to be like at you and says, you’re too tiny for that spacesuit, you merely dispute, I opt a medium because I mediate that you simply might even be in that community that might perchance succeed.”
So I had that invent of assist. I had determination, and I mediate of us might perchance well furthermore now not have understood what this meant on the time to put off those spacesuits. You couldn’t live and work on the home space except you were spacesuit qualified. That that you simply might perchance well presumably be on a shuttle mission, that you simply might lag up there, raise out a mission, diagram home. Nonetheless I needed to continue to exist that home space and work up there.
It’s a resolution that had essentially a great deal of implications. And your seek info from became how attain you manufacture alternate? And in that manner, when one thing is de facto merely I mediate now not appropriate and now not in the ideal ardour of the mission, there’s two techniques to alternate it. That that you simply might perchance well presumably stand up and dispute loudly, this desires to be changed.
My manner is more to search out a manner to talk in terms that folk can realize. That capabilities making sure that you simply’re in overall attaining that once of us see, they look the details they deserve to see, and so that they realize why they need you. And I mediate the accurate news is that appropriate now with the trouble of labor being 40% girls folk, it’s more tough to manufacture choices that omit better than a third of the of us.
ALISON BEARD: Talking about the dangers and the stakes, you were at NASA when the Columbia home shuttle blew up on reentry, which killed seven of your colleagues. How did that alternate how you conception to be the stakes of your work, or about how the group operated by manner of defending its astronauts and avoiding mess ups adore that?
CADY COLEMAN: I would dispute that even sooner than that, all of us realize and our households attain too, that flying in home is rarely going to be compile. It’s going to be as compile as we can manufacture it. And the manner that I stand up and lag practising or climb into the shuttle or the Soyuz and continue to exist a home space, is that I count on the of us on the ground to have carried out their easiest.
And we strive to position them in the ideal trouble to attain that, strive to compile security systems the set they in point of fact be gay to anecdote security considerations or issues that merely don’t essentially feel appropriate or will seemingly be carried out better. I will dispute that I believed I became willing to esteem that, having expert and lived with astronauts who had been via other accidents, via the Challenger, via Apollo. And till it essentially occurs on your very have community to your very have associates and their households, I don’t mediate that you simply might know how you’re going to essentially feel.
And I never desire to reduce price what it manner to be any individual, whether it’s NASA or in point of fact one of many contractors, everyone is share of that mission. They’re all pondering via the formulation that they played when in point of fact one of those accidents happen. I mediate that the home program represents such hope, hope of a future, hope of discovering varied places, hope of exploring who we’re and who we is also. That when one thing occurs adore in point of fact one of those accidents, it invent of says, well, is there essentially going to be that hope? Does that hope essentially exist? And I mediate that’s why everyone remembers the set they were when Challenger took trouble, when Columbia took trouble, because they grunt that kind of fight to tag that hope mild exists for all of us.
ALISON BEARD: So it didn’t alternate how you conception to be your willingness to head up in home or your belief in NASA? You mild believed in particular the aftermath, the set you helped opt out what went melancholy and why to guide clear of it in the prolonged lag, that the group became doing the accurate element?
CADY COLEMAN: It did now not alternate that. It essentially didn’t. I became all in favour of ingredient in in point of fact one of many projects, which became the Goo, as a blueprint to talk, that we might consume. It’s practically adore putty that we might placed on the underside of the home shuttle. It wasn’t essentially to handle the true element that took trouble to Columbia in that Columbia’s wings, the perimeters of the wings that very brittle reinforced carbon-carbon. That became what developed a hole from the foam on the open pad. Nonetheless notion what took trouble and what the vulnerabilities were, made it clear that that foam might perchance well have hit any place in the home shuttle. So I became all in favour of a restore methodology and I am a polymer chemist by background. And collectively I mediate that we essentially succeeded in bringing the ideal restore to home. Nonetheless it completely took some essentially candid talking, pondering and leadership.
ALISON BEARD: I’d like to listen to your stare on the prolonged lag of home wander, in particular with the involvement of the non-public companies adore SpaceX, Blue Foundation, et cetera.
CADY COLEMAN: I adore having all these companies alive to. I do know of us anxiety at kind of an initial entrance that if one thing’s commercial, if money’s at stake, then human life will be valued much less. And I don’t mediate that that’s appropriate. Nonetheless what these companies can attain for the home program and for the mission, is that they might be able to attain with the federal government can’t. They are able to opt better dangers with hardware, now not with of us on board nevertheless with hardware. In dispute that they might be able to dispute, well, let’s strive this rocket with out as mighty of a warmth protect. Or let’s see at Elon Musk and the Starship. He’s built a essentially atmosphere friendly manner to manufacture a great deal of quite so a lot of physical rockets so that he and his crew can test varied aspects of them with out of us on board so that we compile more fleet to the model the set we are going to position of us on board. And so they’ve varied resources, varied visions, nevertheless it completely is set that increased aim. And I admire that. And I adore the truth that they’ve came upon a manner to converse those that can now not be billionaires to home.
And what does it mean will must you look any individual who’s such as you, perchance any individual with a disability, perchance any individual who’s your gender, perchance any individual who’s on your spiritual beliefs. There’s so many more of us going better than 50 miles above the earth and attempting out assist and seeing all of us. That more of us essentially feel seen and that’s purposeful.
ALISON BEARD: Yeah. And that alternate in standpoint is one thing that you simply discuss loads in the book. That’s the wonder of home, incandescent that we’re all floating via it too.
CADY COLEMAN: I am now not the predominant particular person to diagram assist up with that conception of talking about earth as a spaceship. Nonetheless I mediate as astronauts, we have an unprecedented opportunity to be up there as six or seven of us, and likewise you see round and there is nobody else that is trace. Both you want to compile the work carried out, your teammates deserve to compile the work carried out, otherwise you want to enable each other to attain it or else the mission doesn’t succeed. And it’s merely so clear that no-one else is there. Whereas on Earth, after I stroll out of some meeting the set, oh, the identical particular person talked loads and didn’t listen, or I brought one thing up, or every other lady brought one thing up and didn’t compile heard or these items. You set it away and likewise you lag on to other issues, you lag home. Nonetheless we don’t compile to head home and it’s a privilege. Nonetheless then if you decide that and likewise you see at our earth and likewise you suspect of our earth as a spaceship, you tag that everyone is on the crew. And everyone has some extent of stare that is treasured or experience or one thing that they in point of fact converse to the crew. And attempting assist on the earth, I merely essentially feel adore, oh, if everyone knew how connected we essentially all will seemingly be.
ALISON BEARD: Correctly, Cady, it’s been this kind of enjoyment talking to you. Thank you so mighty for coming on the trace.
CADY COLEMAN: Thanks loads.
ALISON BEARD: That’s Cady Coleman, veteran NASA astronaut and author of Sharing Apartment, an Astronaut’s Handbook to Mission, Wonder and Making Alternate.
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Thanks to our crew, senior producer Mary Dooe, affiliate producer Hannah Bates, audio product supervisor Ian Fox and Senior manufacturing specialist Absorb Eckhardt. And thanks to you for listening to the HBR IdeaCast. We’ll be assist with a brand fresh episode on Tuesday. I’m Alison Beard.